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Thermal Mechanisms of Grain Refinement in Steels: A Review

Abstract Thermal mechanisms of microstructural refinement in steels were reviewed. These include thermal cycling, martensite process, and static recrystallization (SRX), in which the dominant stage of microstructural refinement is governed by an annealing treatment of a deformed or an undeformed material. Recent progress in grain refinement by thermal cycling

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Grain Refinement, Strengthening, and Deformation Mechanisms

ECAP processing at temperatures between 100 °C and 200 °C generated moderate grain refinement, with subgrain diameters averaging from 300 nm to 700 nm. The obtained data highlighted the potential of severe plastic deformation as a versatile method for tailoring the microstructure of the AlSi10Mg alloy.

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Dual Grain Refinement Effect for Pure Aluminum with the

The inefficiency of grain refinement processes has traditionally been attributed to the limited utilization of heterogeneous nucleation particles within master alloy systems, resulting in the formation of abundant inactive particles. This study aims to investigate the alternative influences of particles by incorporating external micrometer-sized TiB2 particles into the grain

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Deformation heterogeneity induced coarse grain refinement of the

A two-stage grain refinement method, i.e., a limited cold deformation followed by rapidly heating process, was applied to refine the mixed-grain structure emerged in the

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Mechanism of Grain Refinement in 3D-Printed AlSi10Mg Alloy

In this article, the evolution of microstructural characteristics of selectively laser-melted AlSi10Mg alloy subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is investigated. The microstructures were analyzed in detail using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), and transmission

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Microstructure evolution, grain refinement, and mechanical

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) provides abundant stored energy for recrystallization and breaking up the original grains, thereby promoting the nucleation of new grains to produce an alloy with a fine-grained structure [17, 18] ong et al. [19] used high-pressure torsion and annealing of a nitrogen-containing titanium alloy to obtain a fully

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Influence of stacking fault energy on deformation mechanism and

Figure 1 a shows a typical TEM bright-field image of the HPT sample. The grain sizes in the sample are mainly in the range of ∼50–200 nm although grain sizes of ∼10–20 nm are also found in small quantities.Careful examination of a large number of grains by tilting to a <0 1 1> orientation suggests that nano-twins and/or SFs are present in most of the grains and only a

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Grain Refinement and Thermal Stability of 2219 Aluminum

Abstract 2219 Al alloy is an important material for manufacturing launch vehicles, and its grain structure has a substantial effect on the performance of storage tank transition rings. In this work, warm compression tests (100–350 °C) of 2219 Al alloy were carried out, a grain refinement model of warm deformation was established, and the evolution and

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Investigation of the grain refinement mechanism in machining Ti

The thermal and mechanical loading may induce the grain refinement in the deformation zone during machining, which has great impacts on the mechanical behavior of the workpiece. Subsequently, the grain boundaries of new CDRX grains may migrate due to the storage energy difference. Therefore, an accurate description of the evolution of

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High throughput construction for the deformation mechanism

Grain refinement is an important means of strengthening and toughening titanium alloys. DRX is the main mechanism to achieve grain refinement during hot deformation. In the middle strain region (0.377–1.182, 1.3 s −1) of the double cone, the deformation mechanism is DRX. For the particle reinforced titanium alloy, DRX is not only affected

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Microstructure and Texture of Pure Copper under Large

In this study, the plastic deformation of pure copper under room-temperature compression and different annealing times was examined, and the microstructure and texture evolution were studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and microhardness tests. The results showed that when the deformation degree was

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Energy storage and dissipation of elastic-plastic deformation

The authors found that the energy storage values measured in different laboratories significantly varied, even if the same material was used, due to various effects of the extent of deformation, temperature, and grain size. The mechanism of energy storage of cold work is not fully understood and defects, including dislocations and point defects

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Hot Deformation and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of

Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization acted as a key mechanism of grain refinement at a relatively higher temperature and lower strain rate, which leads to the formation of a homogeneous grain structure. the addition of Ti and Al enhances the accumulation of dislocations and the storage of deformation energy. When the compression

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Near-theoretical strength and deformation stabilization achieved

Grain boundary hardening and precipitation hardening are important mechanisms for enhancing the strength of metals. Here, these two effects are amplified simultaneously, by adding a...

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Energy storage and dissipation of elastic-plastic deformation

It is becoming increasingly popular to generate severe plastic deformation and grain refinement to strengthen metals and improve the mechanical performance through shock compression or high strain rate deformation, such as laser shock peening (Thevamaran et al., 2016; Xiong et al., 2019) and high-pressure torsion (Nguyen et al., 2020).Owing to the

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Grain Initiation and Grain Refinement: An Overview

Heterogeneous nucleation and grain initiation are two different processes in early-stage solidification (ESS), although both are deterministic. Heterogeneous nucleation refers to the formation of a 2-dimensional (2D) nucleus (a crystal plane of the solid) that can template further growth, while grain initiation is the formation of a hemispherical cap (3D) from which

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Dual mechanisms of grain refinement in a FeCoCrNi high-entropy

The main microstructural evolution mechanisms are concurrent NB subdivision and deformation twinning that result in significant grain refinement from an average grain size of ~25 μm in the as

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Separative and Comprehensive Effects of Grain Coarsening and

During thermal deformation, grain coarsening due to grain growth and grain refinement resulting from dynamic recrystallization (DRX) collectively influence the deformed

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Combination of dynamic transformation and dynamic recrystallization

Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is an important grain refinement mechanism to fabricate steels with high strength and high ductility (toughness). The conventional DRX mechanism has reached the

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(PDF) Grain Refinement Modeling Based on Dislocation Density

A coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) finite element model embedded with the dislocation density subroutine is developed to model the severe plastic deformation and grain refinement during a steady

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Deformation-induced grain rotation and grain boundary formation

Due to the lack of a theoretical tool to quantify rotation, grain/subgrain rotation has usually been considered through GB sliding assisted by dislocation motions in the literature [11, 28, 29], which essentially changes the rotation problem into the translation problem between neighboring grains.Based on the previous experiments, several models have been proposed to

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Mechanism analysis of grain refinement caused by deformation

The microstructure characterization results indicate that grain refinement during deformation and the positive strain rate effect on elongation are primarily governed by changes in grain size, especially at high temperatures. Experimental materials were provided by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Hefei Institute of

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Deformation heterogeneity induced coarse grain refinement of the

The defect of mixed-grain structure with millimeter-grade coarse grains (MCGs) is frequently found in heavy forgings, such as nuclear main pipes manufactured from 316LN steel.

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Extreme grain refinement by severe plastic deformation: A wealth

A real appreciation for the new possibilities for improving the properties of metallic materials provided by SPD techniques came with the work of the group of Valiev [14], [15], which demonstrated the relation between the enhanced strength and the extreme grain refinement imparted by SPD processing to a range of metals and alloys.The seminal work of this group,

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Adiabatic shear instability in a titanium alloy: Extreme deformation

The difference in energy storage of Ti3Al2.5V is attributed to the formation of twins as a main deformation mode, and the energy stored by twinning-mediated plasticity is limited. Grain refinement can be achieved at ASB temperatures above 900 K

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Effect of annealing and strain rate on the microstructure and

2 · The deformation twins played an additional role in contributing to plasticity, while the TBs were crucial in accommodating dislocations (see Figs. 10c 1, c 2). On the other hand,

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Dislocation exhaustion and ultra-hardening of nanograined

Here, the authors show nanograined metals can be strengthened by exhausting lattice dislocations via triggering of phase transformation at grain boundaries, instead of further

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Effect of deformation induced precipitation on grain refinement

The ITMT (Intermediate thermomechanical treatment: precipitates as auxiliary particles to inhibit or stimulate the recrystallization: initial solution → precipitation → warm rolling → final solution → aging) has obvious advantages in grain refinement and improvement of super-plasticity [19].A multi-step TMT route was designed by J. Waldman to produce fine-grained

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Grain Refinement and Strengthening Mechanisms of In-situ

Furthermore, the yield strength is increased by about 200 MPa. The main strengthening mechanisms are grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening, and the contributions to the yield strength are 96.1 MPa and 79 MPa respectively. and some austenite grains with large deformation and sufficient deformation energy storage will

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Effectiveness of hot deformation and subsequent annealing for β grain

High strength titanium alloys suffer from a limited combination of strength and ductility. Considering their microstructure, the coarse β grain is a detrimental factor. In the present study, the effects of hot deformation and annealing treatment on the β grain refinement of Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Cr–1Fe (TC18) titanium alloy have been investigated by using electronic

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Grain size and orientation affected deformation inhomogeneity

To prepare aluminium alloys with fine grain sizes and good mechanical properties, heat-treatment processes and plastic deformation behaviour at elevated temperatures have been extensively studied in the past few decades [12], [13], [14].Wang et al. [15] studied the effect of different heat-treatment conditions on the mechanical properties and microstructures

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About Deformation energy storage and grain refinement

About Deformation energy storage and grain refinement

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